Soviet Soyuz rockets like the one pictured above were the first reliable means to transport objects into Earth orbit.Sputnik 1 weighed less than 90 kg and orbited the Earth for less than three months. Its launch began the space race.Laika became the first living being in orbit on Sputnik 2This image was recorded by astronauts as the Space Shuttle Atlantis approached the Russian space station prior to docking during the STS-76 mission. Sporting spindly appendages and solar panels, Mir is orbiting about 350 kilometers above New Zealand's South Island and the city of Nelson near Cook Strait.
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Russian, Soviet Programs

From World War II until its breakup, the Soviet Union undertook projects to build rockets, craft, and instruments for war and exploration of space. more...

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The Soviet space program was shrouded in secrecy. The leader of the Soviet space program, Sergey Korolev was known only as the "chief designer" during his life. Announcements of success were delayed until success was certain, and failures were kept secret. Only through glasnost have many facts about the program become public knowledge.

Origins

The theory of space exploration was well-established in the USSR before the Second World War by the writings of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky; but as with the American programme, it was founded on the advances made by Hermann Oberth and Werner von Braun in Germany during the war. The USSR captured the V-2 production sites and several hundred technicians, along with several rockets. Under the direction of Dimitri Ustinov, the designer and engineer Sergei Korolev inspected the rockets; aided by the German prisoners, they built a replica of the R-1 rocket. The weight of the Soviet nuclear warheads required a much more powerful booster. Also, Korolev was dedicated to the use of liquid-fuelled cryogenic rockets. This resulted in the design of the R-7 Semyorka intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). Though not effective as a strategic weapon, the R-7 was an excellent basis for a space launch vehicle.

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Sputnik 1 Artificial Satellite Success 1957 Newspaper *Sputnik 1 Artificial Satellite Success 1957 Newspaper * $22.00 Space Program Book Russia cosmonaut astronaut pilot 4069Space Program Book Russia cosmonaut astronaut pilot 4069
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1967 Fdc Stamp Soviet Space Program Kaluga1967 Fdc Stamp Soviet Space Program Kaluga $4.99 185 days in space Soviet russian astronauts mirror pin185 days in space Soviet russian astronauts mirror pin $4.95
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1950's Russia First Sputnik rocket Metal Plate space1950's Russia First Sputnik rocket Metal Plate space $64.75 4 Ussr Space card postcard 4 Ussr Space card postcard $0.99
Mars-1 Soviet russian space Mirror stamp pin 1987Mars-1 Soviet russian space Mirror stamp pin 1987 $3.95
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